DECEMBER 2025AEROSPACEDEFENSEREVIEW.COM8The aerospace and defence industries are part of a transformative era in which modern approaches, such as Industry 4.0, are redefining computerised numerical control (CNC) machining. This article examines the evolution of CNC machining, its present trends, and future prospects, as well as how firms may incorporate Industry 4.0 to enhance competitiveness.Evolution of CNC Machining: From Inception to Intelligent Automation1. Beginning: The history of CNC machining dates back to the early 1950s when the first numerical control (NC) machine was introduced. These early machines required manual programming and differed significantly from the modern intelligent systems that seamlessly combine design, machining, and control.2. Development and Dissemination: In 1958, APT formalised the first standardised universal NC language. This was followed by the patenting of CNC machines, another major milestone for their widespread use. Finally, the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided machining (CAM) in the 1960s led to a significant increase in productivity in the design and manufacture of parts.3. Integrated CNC Systems: In the 1970s, the first fully integrated CNC system was introduced, further streamlining processes and efficiency.4. Multi-Axis CNC Machines, Adaptive Control, and Computer-integrated Manufacturing (CIM): In the 1980s, the introduction of multi-axis CNC machines allowed for even more advanced geometries, while industrial adaptive control systems introduced real-time adjustments, improving accuracy and error reduction together with standardised interfaces allowing for CIM integrations.5. Virtual Prototyping: Around 2000, software simulators for virtual prototyping were introduced, enabling preventive and virtual validations of designs to save production times.6. Hybrid CNC Machines and intelligent system integrations: Between 2000 and 2010, the trend of integrating additive and subtractive processes enhanced precision and flexibility, STEP-NC improved interoperability between CAD/CAM systems and CNC machines, and the first cloud-based CNC systems enabled remote monitoring and data-driven optimisation.7. Machine Learning and Internet of Things (IoT) Integration: Around 2015, machine learning approaches enabled the first predictive analytics and data-based process optimisation and incorporating the Internet of Things facilitated real-time data collection, conclusions, and remote control.8. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG): Since 2020, manufacturing increasingly focused on sustainability and energy efficiency, while CNC contributed by minimising waste and energy consumption for several years.9. Today: The next generation of automation and integration in CNC machining includes real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, intelligent control units, and neural networks with learning capabilities. These advancements lead to increased machine uptime and overall productivity.The development of CNC machining symbolises the evolution of modern manufacturing and represents a remarkable development driven by technological innovations. It is an exciting sequence of milestones, from NC to intelligent integration and automation. CNC machining embodies a synthesis of precision, efficiency and flexibility.Core Capabilities in CNC Machining as a Moderator of Competitive AdvantagesCNC machining is not only important for producing parts but also for shaping a company's competitiveness. There are a number of critical capabilities that companies must actively utilise in order to fully benefit from modern CNC machining:1. Precision and Accuracy: Selling and incorporating the capability of producing highly accurate and consistent parts, even for complex geometries.2. Flexibility and Adaptability: Employing the capability of quickly switching between different tasks and materials as a cornerstone of Lean Manufacturing environments.3. Speed and Efficiency: Utilising the capability of high-speed machining and multiple machine operations.4. Integration and connectivity: Retrofit and modernisation of CNC machines to leverage CAD/CAM, remote monitoring, IoT, data analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI).Future outlook: AI and CNC integrationThe ability to produce complex geometries with high precision makes CNC machining indispensable for components such as turbine blades, structural frames and complicated assemblies. Accordingly, CNC machining is a cornerstone of aerospace and defence manufacturing and will benefit greatly from the integration of AI. Several aspects will benefit even more, MODERNISING AEROSPACE AND DEFENCE INDUSTRIES WITH CNCBy Tim Komkowski, Head of Operations & Production Management, Thyssenkrupp Marine SystemsIn My Opinion
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