Early Developments and the Rise of the F-35
While the United States led the early development of stealth technology, European nations quickly recognised its potential and began their own research and development programs. One of the most notable examples is the Eurofighter Typhoon, a multi-role fighter jet developed by a consortium of European nations. Although not designed as a dedicated stealth aircraft, the Typhoon incorporates some stealth features, such as angled surfaces and radar-absorbent materials, to reduce its radar cross-section.
Stay ahead of the industry with exclusive feature stories on the top companies, expert insights and the latest news delivered straight to your inbox. Subscribe today.
The arrival of the F-35 Lightning II marked a significant leap in stealth technology for European nations. Several European countries, including the UK, Italy, and the Netherlands, have acquired the F-35, significantly enhancing their air combat capabilities. The F-35's advanced stealth technology, robust sensors, and weapons systems provide a formidable advantage in modern warfare.
Next-Generation Stealth Fighters: FCAS and Tempest
Europe is now at the forefront of developing the next generation of stealth fighters. The Future Combat Air System (FCAS), a joint Franco-German project, aims to create a sixth-generation fighter aircraft incorporating advanced stealth technologies, artificial intelligence and directed energy weapons. The program is still in its early stages but is expected to produce a fighter that will be a significant leap forward regarding stealth and overall capabilities.
The Tempest, a British-led initiative, is another ambitious project to develop a next-generation stealth fighter. The Tempest is designed to be highly adaptable and capable of evolving with future technological advancements. It is expected to incorporate advanced stealth features, including advanced radar-absorbent materials and innovative airframe designs.
Stealth technology incorporates various features to minimise an aircraft's detectability across multiple spectrums. Radar-absorbent materials (RAM), typically composed of composites and ceramics, absorb or deflect radar waves, significantly reducing the radar signature. Angled surfaces, such as the faceted design of the F-117 Nighthawk, deflect radar waves away from their source, further enhancing stealth capabilities. To counter infrared detection, infrared suppression techniques, including cooled exhaust nozzles and specialised coatings, are employed to lower the aircraft’s heat signature. Additionally, low observable emissions technologies reduce detectable signals from onboard communication systems and radar, minimising vulnerability to electronic warfare systems.
European contributions to stealth technology are noteworthy, particularly in advancing radar and detection systems. European nations have developed cutting-edge radar technologies tailored to identify stealth aircraft. Sensory fusion innovations, combining data from radar, infrared, and electronic warfare systems, enhance detection and tracking capabilities. Moreover, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming stealth detection. AI-driven algorithms analyse extensive sensor data to identify and track stealth aircraft with greater precision, showcasing Europe's commitment to leading advancements in defence technology.
The future of stealth technology in Europe looks promising. With continued research and development, European nations are poised to develop even more advanced stealth aircraft that will redefine air combat capabilities. The next generation of stealth fighters, such as FCAS and Tempest, will likely play a crucial role in maintaining European air superiority for decades.

